In the 19th century, the artistic qualities of individual work were distinguished not only by the degree
of the artist's theological knowledge, but also by his traditional, professional training. According to statistical
data from the Vladimir local authority, during the mid-19th century, in the famous icon painting center in the
village of Kholui, more than 720 artisans completed one and a half to two million icons annually.
Only slightly less significant than Kholui in their number of icon painters are two other villages famous for
their ancient traditions, Palekh and Mstera. In Palekh, during the middle of the 19th century, there numbered
640 icon painters, in Mstera 280. No less significant, although fewer in number, were the icon painting
studios of the major monasteries of Russia: Troitse-Sergiev, Kirillo-Belozersky and Solovetsky, as well as the
numerous icon painting ateliers of Petersburg, Moscow and the cities along the Volga. In addition, minor centers
were scattered all over Russia. The icons which were created in them differed according to local styles, subjects
and coloration peculiarities. Every master had his own clients who stipulated the dimensions of the icon, the
theme, or the names of selected saints - the protectors of the family.